Correlation Matrix: Stock Portfolio

Source: http://seekingalpha.com/article/97777-dont-pull-out-of-the-markets-diversify-into-uncorrelated-assets

A correlation matrix is a map of two different variables plotted to discover a linear correlation between the two different sets of data by using statistics. In this correlation matrix the relationship between stocks and overall return is depicted to help grasp a better understanding of the risk factor involved with stocks as well as setting up a good "portfolio".

Similarity Matrix: Amino Acid

Source: http://mendel.ethz.ch:8080/Server/ServerBooklet/section2_14.html

A similarity matrix are used to identify the similarities between data numbers and points. In this particular matrix, the amino acid is being monitored over time to deduce the similarities between numbers in certain amino acids over a certain period of time. It is intended to reveal a pattern in numbers or recognize some sort of similarity between variables.

Stem and Leaf Plot: GNP Western Africa

Source: http://mainland.cctt.org/mathsummer/JosephBond/StemAndPlots/stem-and-leaf_std.htm

http://www.purplemath.com/modules/stemleaf.htm

A stem and leaf plot is a way to plot information and the frequency in which it occurs. The stem is the variable and the leaf is the number of times it occurs. These graphs can then be plotted into a histogram to produce more understandable data. In this stem and leaf plot the per capita of the GNP in Western Africa is depicted. 

Box Plot: Energy Output

Source: http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/boxplot.htm

http://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/boxplot.htm

A box plot is a way of graphing data into groups or intervals. It is a way of making data much easier to interpret. This box plot shows four different machines and the energy they displace. Each box represents the different machines and their size is determined by the energy output. This is graphed and expressed making it easy to understand that machine number three is the largest in energy output.

Histogram: Greek Tragedies

Source: http://www.chlt.org/StatisticalMethods/histograms.html

http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/histograms.html

Histograms are a type of map that uses bar graphs to display data. In this histogram the length of a greek tragedy based on how many words there are is compared to the years in which they were made. From this map we can determine that the longest plays were in 800 B.C.

Parallel Coordinate Graph: Fish

Source: http://www.evl.uic.edu/aej/424/kyoung/Training-parallelcoordinate.html

Parallel coordinate graphs take any number of variables and plot them as a basic line graph and then use something called the N axis to create an "uniform" line on an axis. This, in turn, creates a three-dimensional graph of the variables at hand. In this graph, the length of three different fishes is compared and is seeing which variables affect one another.

Triangle Plot: Soil Samples

Source: http://www.dplot.com/triangle-plot.htm

A triangle plot takes three different variables and compares them on one graph. Each variable is graphed on a two-dimensional triangular graph and can be applied to any three variables. This map is explaining how to plot a triangular plot using different soil content to decide weather or not the soil sample is composed of clay, sand, or silt.

Windrose: Fresno, California

Source: http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/climate/windrose.html

A windrose is a small graph that packs a lot of information. This graph shows how wind and all of its characteristics affect a specific region. It can measure the frequency, duration, speed, and direction pertaining to the wind and measure over a certain area. This map here represents 30 years of data taken at hourly increments over Fresno, California in the month of April. We can see that the heaviest winds came from the North West and how long they lasted.

Population Profile: Scotland

Source: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-20754750

http://populationpyramid.net/

A population profile is a map of the age and sex structure of a country. The men and women are opposite each other and increase up the graph by birth cohorts. These maps help determine the state in which a country is progressing, whether they have a negative growth rate, positive growth rate, are developing or more developed regions. In this population profile of Scotland we see that the bottom cohorts are smaller than the middle ones indicating the birthrate has dropped. Scotland is a more developed region and is a stable country when it comes to growth.

Scatter Plot: Old Faithful

Source: http://www.r-tutor.com/elementary-statistics/quantitative-data/scatter-plot

A scatterplot is a type of mathematical graph. The data is plotted using a single dot that corresponds with the x and y axis. After the dots are graphed a line is placed in the general movement of the data. If more dots are concentrated to the upper right hand side of a standard graph then the overall notion is that the data is increasing. The graph above plots the eruptions of Old Faithful. On the y axis is the time between eruptions and on the x axis is the magnitude of eruptions. We can decipher that the longer between eruptions the more violent the eruptions are.

Index Value Plot: PDO Index

Source: http://wattsupwiththat.com/2009/08/17/evidence-that-ocean-net-heat-flow-is-connected-with-climate-shifts-co2-not-correlated/

Index value plots are very similar to line graphs except they can compare more than one variable of data and the index value is the variable that is plotted on the graph instead of the absolute value of the information. In the map above the monthly value of the PDO value in the Pacific Ocean is being depicted from 1900-2013.

Bilateral Graph: Car Sales

Source: https://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2008_fotw546.html

Bilateral graphs are very similar to bar garphs however they compare more than one piece of data. They can have any number of bars side by side or opposite each other. The graph above shows the decline of car sales after 2008 in four different countries in four different quarters. This is an example of a vertical bilateral graph. Bilateral graphs allow many different variables to be compared over an extended period of time.

Nominal Area Choropleth Map: House of Representatives

Source: http://politicalmaps.org/2008-house-of-representatives-election-maps/

Nominal area choropleth maps are a type of thematic map used in displaying areal data and separates into categories. By use of color they are able to distinguish different pieces of information between regions. There is no specific order in which the information is to be portrayed. In this map the number of Democrats vs. the number of Republicans holding seats in the House of Representatives is shown. The areas in red are Republican and blue is Democrat. The different districts are broken up then colored in relation to the winning party. In this map the information is divided into two categories.

Unstandardized Choropleth Map: Racial Distribution

Source: http://www.censusscope.org/us/map_common_race.html

In undstandardized choropleth maps the value of the informtion depicted is the original number unlike the standardized choropleth maps where the number is averaged. They also do not use percentages, it is just the original number that represents the data provided. In this map the distribution of race throughout the United States is shown. In this map each number of race is projected onto the map to show the distinct racial dispersion throughout the country.

Standardized Choropleth Map: Population Density

Source: http://www.directionsmag.com/articles/choropleth-mapping-with-exploratory-data-analysis/123579

Standardized choropleth maps take the information found in a choropleth map and place it in a specific region. In this map the absolute value of population is depicted in a more concentrated area. The information is more easily understood and can be more detailed in contrast with a larger scale over the entire world. In these maps it is more obvious to tell that one county is more dense than the other.

Univariate Choropleth Map: Annual Income

Source: http://www.colocarto.com/custom-thematic-maps.html

Unvariated choropleth maps depict data from one variable. Although it is shown over a variation it is still referencing one piece of information spanning over a specific region. In this map the annual income per household in the United States in 2008 is shown. As the annual income increases the color darkens.

Bivariate Choropleth Map: Taxes

Source: http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/04/the_red_state_ripoff.html

Brivariate choropleth maps are characteristic of only depicting two variables on one map. In this map the states in red received more than one dollar back for every dollar they paid in taxes and the states colored in blue received less than one dollar back. This is a great example because it takes two variables and are portrayed evenly to see a clear answer and pattern.

Unclassed Choropleth Map: Democrats vs. Republicans

Source: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/2008/

Unclassed choropleth maps take the issues with classed choropleth maps in the distinction of variables and eliminates it by creating a continuous shade of coloring to depict information. In this map the relationship between location and political party is shown, but instead of dividing it into set intervals the spectrum is blurred to help decipher a larger pattern at hand.

Classed Choropleth Maps: Religion in America

Source: http://weberstudies.weber.edu/archive/archive%20D%20Vol.%2021.2-25.2/Vol.%2025.1/RTW%20Fall%202008.htm

Classed Choropleth maps take different characteristics combined together and portray them into intervals. In this particular map it shows the distribution of organized religion throughout the United States. Patters are easily overlooked or misleading when there are too many characteristics being portrayed into one interval. It is not characteristic to have more than four. In this map, although it is very busy, it is easy to distinguish the different patters of percentages throughout the United States.

Range Graded Proportional Circle Map: Bailout Funds

Source: http://www.e-cartouche.ch/content_reg/cartouche/cartdesign/en/html/ThemMaps_ThemData.html

http://www.creativeclass.com/_v3/creative_class/2009/08/

Range Graded Proportional Circle Maps are very much like Continuously Variable Proportional Circle Maps in that the size of the circle relates to the value of the variable. However, IN range graded maps the number is set on a scale and can fluctuate between the scale instead of relying on the number of variables. In this map the circles map the tracking of bailout funds throughout the United States and how they were distributed throughout the country.

Continuously variable proportional circle map: France

Source: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/book/export/html/1796

Continuously variable proportional circle map are similar to proportional circle maps however the number of variables differ. In a continuously variable proportional circle map the size of the circle represents the actual number where as in a proportional circle map the quantity of circles deduces the information. In this continuously variable map of France, the different meats imported into Paris corresponds with the different regions in France. Each region has their own circle with the different types of meats. The size of the circle and fraction of meat corresponds with the amount imported in.

DOQQ: New England

Source: https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/gis/doqq.html

DOQQ, or Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quads, is a digitally modified aerial photograph that is designed to provide deeper detail and more coverage over a certain region. According to the source, the pixels are digitally remodeled to be in line with longitude and latitude. This DOQQ is an infrared photograph of the vegetation in New England, United States.

DEM

Source: http://eros.usgs.gov/#/Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/DEMs

DEM maps, or Digital Elevation Models, are models that digitally masters the elevation of a specific area. The terrain of a region is taken from a USGS map and digitally composed to depict the highs and lows of a regions elevation. This DEM is a three dimensional representation of a mountain range.

DLG

Source: http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-geodata-shapefiles/usgs-geospatial-data-geodata-geographic-download.htm

DLG, or Digital Line Graph, is a digital map composed of multiple USGS maps using different vectors. They can be made in three different scales and convey many different forms of information. This map is a 1:24,000 digital line graph showing the different topographical areas and geographical features.

DRG: Pipeline

Source: http://topomaps.usgs.gov/drg/

http://gpsinformation.net/main/topo-comp.htm

A DGR, or Digital Raster Graphic, is basically a digital copy of a region. A DGR is a scanned and digitized picture in which certain aspects can be accented or eliminated to transcribe to the viewers needed information. This image is a DGR image of an oil pipeline and its movement through an area.

Isopleth: Wind Velocity

Source: http://www.cbr.washington.edu/papers/jim/draft.html

Isopleth maps are using lines to link places that have similar variations of numbers such as population, wind speeds, geographical numbers, and more. It makes information more general and reduces it to just a number making the information much more understandable and easy to identify the most population. In this map the isopleth represent the different velocities of wind throughout the years in a specific area.

Isopach: Volcanic Eruption

Source: http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/central_america/nicaragua/cerro_negro/gvn/cerro_negro.v20n11_12.html

Isopach maps are lines that are used in thickness variations to depict the structural formation of geological formations or patters. Isopach maps can be used to decipher the path or overall shape of a certain structure. In this specific isopach map, the ash-fall from an massive volcanic eruption in Nicaragua and how it spread after the eruption. Using an isopach map it is easy to tell which areas were affected by the ash. 

Isohyets: Asia

Source: http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/pastwx/mws201208.htm

Isohyets are lines that measure the amount of rainfall over a certain area. The lines connect and are sometimes differentiated by color to signify the amount of rainfall. In this particular map the darker shades of orange represent heavier rainfall and as the lines widen the amount of rainfall decreases. Isohyets can be used for larger areas like this one, or more concentrated areas.

Isotachs: NOAA Upper Level Air Analysis

Source: http://www.erh.noaa.gov/btv/events/28Oct2008/ua2.php

Isotachs are lines that depict consistent windspeed over a specific area. They also show wind direction and the movement of the wind itself. In this map, the depiction of the upper level air analysis from the National Weather Service forecast  for the United States. In addition to speed and direction these isotechs also show how many states are being affected and the severity.

Isobars: Rapid City, South Dakota

Source: http://www.crh.noaa.gov/unr/?n=05-06-99

Isobars are lines that show consistent pressure. The distance between one isobar to the next signifies the difference in barometric pressure from one location to the next. Each line is designated a specific interval and is depicted on either a map, graph, or grid to show the data found. 

In this map of Rapid City, SD there was unusual differences in pressure resulting in high winds and drastic pressure changes from one location to the next. 

LIDAR: Ground Zero

Source: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s798b.htm

LIDAR stands for light detection and ranging. LIDAR images is a form of radar that uses light to reflect an image. The light comes from a laser and reflected back. The image above is a LIDAR image of the World Trade Center after the attack on September 11, 2001. In the image you can see the depression in the ground where the WTC stood and the hight of the buildings around it. The LIDAR imagery reflects the size of the damage and the height of the buildings around the damage as a comparison.

Doppler Radar: Today's Weather

Source: http://www.weather.com/maps/maptype/currentweatherusnational/usdopplerradar_large.html

Doppler Radar is a system that utilizes the doppler effect to produces images and patters going in a specified region. Doppler Radar is often used in weather to predict storms and precipitation. In the image above is the Doppler Radar from the Weather Service for today, March 25, 2014. You can see the locations of precipitation and in general direction the storms are moving. Doppler Radar provides a fairly accurate prediction in weather trends.

Infrared Aerial Photo: Avon Park

Source: http://www.outintheboonies.com/Avon_Park_AFR/

Infrared images allow us to see things outside our visual spectrum, ROYGBIV. It allows us to pick up thinks a  regular aerial photograph would have blended together and make distinctions with characteristics of a region such as vegetation. In this photograph of Avon Park, the vegetation surrounding the trails as well as bodies of water are highlighted. The hiking path is highlighted to show where the focus should be.

Cartographic Animation: Hurricane Charlie

Source: http://libraries.maine.edu/Spatial/gisweb/spatdb/gis-lis/gi94078.html

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Ev7bTtUzU52g9UzrCYOWRgenqFYnt-JsLc2kc778aYTJYpcp1HKx1_IkVeJj9paxvBaZwDk2dUm5IsS9pV9kPDJgzQoGuKAvAV1FO6jPFxWvCfdmtiIcJ_C8Jv-pnDzApMoZNSYjk8A/s1600/cartographic%20animation.gif

Cartographic animation maps are maps that portray information through motion and movement over a specific area. These maps rely on information over a specific period of time. They are often used in weather forecasting. The map above is a cartographic animation of Hurricane Charlie hitting Florida in 2004. The image spans over a few hours and shows the progression of Charlie over time.

Cartogram: CO2 Production

Source: http://inhabitat.com/worldmapper-cartogramps-revisualize-the-world/

Cartograms are a type of Thematic map that express a specific variable of an area. They often express statistical information collected over a certain period of time. The map above shoes the carbon monoxide production in the world. By distorting the countries to fit their production of carbon monoxide, the cartogram is able to offset the way we usually look at the world and relay vital information. The bigger the country, the more carbon monoxide it produces each year.

Flow Map: Immigration

Source: http://jnc19.blogspot.com/2013/03/flow-line-mapping.html

Flow maps in cartography are designed to show the path or flow of specific data and the movement involving a specific area. In this map, the movement of immigration into the United States. There is a grid on the side expressing the different percentages. Also, the size of the arrow indicate the amount of immigrants and the shading of the states in the United States show the highest density of immigration. 

Isoline Map: Australia

Source: http://sio.midco.net/dansmapstamps/isoline.htm

Isoline maps are a maps that express anything from temperature and air pressure to elevation by use of lines that connect at the end. An example of this is isothermal lines used to express temperature, like the map above. This map expresses the average temperature in Fahrenheit in the month of January in Australia.

Proportional Circle Maps: Most Populated Cities

Source:http://help.infragistics.com/Help/Doc/WPF/2013.1/CLR4.0/html/xamGeographicMap_Using_Geographic_Proportional_Symbol_Series.html

Proportional circle maps portray data using circles sized proportionally to the relevant data. The larger the circle, the larger the number the circle represents. In this proportional circle map the largest cities int he world are depicted by the size of the circle and then colored a different color based on their importance. 

Choropleth Map: Australia

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choropleth_map

Choropleth maps are a type of thematic map that express population or any other characteristic through shading and/or proportional relations between specific regions. According to the source, the choropleth map makes it easy to decipher the designated information between areas. For example, in the map above of Australia the percentage of the population that takes part in the Anglican religion. The darker the shading the higher the Anglican population. The lighter the shading, the smaller the Anglican population.  

Dot Distribution Maps: United States

Source: http://www.census.gov/geo/mapxs-data/

Dot distributions use dots or other symbols to represent a certain characteristic of a specific area. They can also represent different events or that occurred in a specific region. In this dot distribution map, each dot represents 7,500 people. Here you can see the most populated places and areas of the United States. 

Propaganda Map: British View of Europe

Source: http://www.geocurrents.info/geonotes/maps-as-an-instrument-of-propaganda-part-1

Propaganda maps are maps intended to evoke a feeling or showing the world the way a region, government, map maker, religion, or anyone sees the world. They can take on the political beliefs of a government and can cause movements. They are made to cause a reaction for a specific reason. In this map, the british opinion of Europe at the beginning of World War 1. These maps can often convey an opinion in a humorous way.

Hypsometric Map: United Kingdom

Source: http://www.scilands.de/e_index.htm?page=/e_service/e_downloads/e_shaded_maps/shaded_maps.htm

Hypsometric maps are similar to topographic maps in that they display elevation. However, in the case of hypsometric maps, they utilize shading and coloring to display the different heights over a specific area. In most hypsometric maps green is a reference to a flatter area and as the color shading fades all the way to red being the highest elevation in this region. Depending on the maps and the region being depicted the color scheme and scale will vary. In this hypsometric map of the United Kingdom and Ireland, the highest elevations are depicted in red and mostly located in Scotland where as the flatter, bright green areas are in the middle of Ireland and the south eastern part of Great Britain. If you look the the far west in Ireland, you can see the high, dark yellow elevations of the Cliffs of Moher outside the city of Gallway. 

Cadestral Map: Los Angeles, California

Source: http://www.bigmapblog.com/2012/stevensons-survey-of-los-angeles-1884/

Cadestral maps are maps that display real-estate or different land ownerships of a particular region. By using coloring and shading these maps are able to establish type of land and who the owner is, whether it be state or privately owned. In this cadestral map of the city of Los Angeles, different colors represent different land types, for example, green is rural, blue is water. If you go to the web page where this image is located you can zoom in on any particular area and read who owned this land during the time this map was made. 

Topographic Map: The Himalayas

Source: http://www.skimountaineer.com/ROF/ROF.php?name=Ararat

Topographic maps are maps that help to display elevation. They often use contour lines to express the different elevations and slopes of various landscapes. In this particular topographic map of the Himalayan mountain range, Ararat is being depicted. With contour lines, the closer together the steeper the slope, the farther apart, the gentler the slope. Looking at the peak of the mountains shown, the lines are so close together at times that it looks blurred together. Towards the bottom of the mountain the lines are more spread out indicating the decline in elevation and slope.

Black&White Aerial Photo: Paris, France

Source: http://www.terragalleria.com/black-white/europe/paris/eiffel-tower/picture.fran42469-bw.html

Aerial photos are photographs taken at an angle 3/4 of the way up. It conveys an overlook of a specific area. Aerial photographs qualify as maps because it provides a unique perspective of a region that would not be attained by any other map or drawing but allows a visual aspect of a city or region. By taking an aerial photograph of Paris, France you are highlighting major roadways and landmarks, like the Eiffel Tower and making the location easy to identify. 

Mental Map: The World

Source: http://andrewshears.com/2010/12/19/mapping-geo-autobiography-my-mental-map-of-the-world/

A mental map is a map that is is a representation of an individuals own interpretation of a specific area. This map can be a persons drawing of how they see a particular region or just a map in someones mind.  Mental maps are how we organize locations and important land marks using our five senses and spatial recognition. 

In this representation of a mental map, this person has drawn there own interpretation of the world. For example, we see the world on a flat surface rather than on its original oval shape. The countries are warped and stretched to fit on the piece of paper. The countries are labeled accordingly but this is by no means an exact representation of the world, but rather one individuals exact perception of what they think the world looks like. 

Climograph: Florence, Italy

Source: http://www.florence.climatemps.com/graph.php

A climograph is a depiction of average climate of a specific region. Months of the year is compared with level of precipitation, wind, average temperature, humidity, and other factors that contribute to climate. Climographs are used to highlight the average temperature of a specific location at any given month of the year. Climographs use three axises to project the highlighted characteristics.

This graph of Florence, Italy, expresses all of the factors that contribute to determining average climate of Florence. ch line represents an average to expect in the month. Each axis coordinates with the other to give the most accurate reading. 

PLSS Map: Florida

Source: http://nationalatlas.gov/

The United States  Public Land Survey System is a systematic land partitioning system that utilizes 34 baseline meridians to create a grid in which 6x6 townships and ranges to determine land ownership. Each grid box determines who owns the land, county, and/or name. 

This particular PLSS map was created to enhance the counties in Florida and the capital. It shows the entire state projected onto the 6x6 grid of the PLSS. Each town is sliced into each individual grid box depicting a scale size of each county. 

Star Plot: Aquarius

Source: http://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2012/01/helix-in-new-colours.html

Star plots are radar maps that can map specific constellations, planets, individual stars, and constellation families in a two-demensional projection. They portray the location of the subject at hand at specific hours of the night on a grid. Different star plots can highlight different aspects of the night sky and can be mapped differently depending on the tilt of the axis and relative position to the cartographer. 

In this particular star plot, the constellation Aquarius is the focus. Along the top and bottom of the square the hours of the day in which this map is portraying. Along the left and right side of the square map are the degrees, longitude and latitude, for which the constellation is located at which hour of the night. The plot acts on a grid system. The grid lines are slightly curved relevant to the curvature of the earth and the blue line that goes through the middle is the relative meridian. The plot is most accurate closest to the blue line.